Alternatives for Fresh Water in Cement-Based Materials: A Review

Huge amounts of fresh water are used in the concrete industry every day. The quantity and quality play important roles determining quality, strength, setting time, durability cement-based materials (CBMs), such as paste, mortar, concrete. Freshwater systems under pressure due to climate changes, industrialisation, population growth, urbanisation, lack proper resource management. potable has resulted search for possible alternatives, seawater, treated industrial wastewater, sewage carwash service station wastewater from ready-mix plants, stone-cutting industry. All these resources can be achieve adequate standards physical chemical characteristics This study is a comprehensive review existing information regarding effects alternate on fresh, physical, properties CBMs. shows that research utilisation CBMs limited. development different procedures methods urgently needed utilise various wastewaters production. usage construction overcomes their adverse impacts environment human health.